![]() There is no information available on the factors associated with undiagnosed T2DM in people living in the hill tribe community. Almost all of the hill tribe people work in the agricultural sector, growing traditional and noneconomic crops 16. Hill tribes have their own lifestyle, culinary traditions, substance use and other health-related behaviors 18. Only a small proportion are fluent in the Thai language 17. Hill tribe farms with traditional agricultural methods grow uneconomic crops such as corn, rice, and beans 16, which account for 88.1% of the total areas cultivated by these people 17. A large proportion of the hill tribe people settled along the Thailand–Myanmar–Laos borders, far from any cities 15. ![]() Hill tribes are composed of people who migrated from southern China to Thailand over two centuries, and approximately 4 million hill tribe people lived in Thailand in 2019 14. Epidemiological data from Thailand indicate that the population vulnerable to T2DM comprises those aged 30 years and over, and those with a low education level and who live in poor economic conditions, such as hill tribe people, are at higher risk 13. ![]() While several risk factors for T2DM have been identified across various populations 7, including marital status 10, elevated triglycerides 11, and knowledge about DM prevention and control 12, the exact factors related to undiagnosed T2DM in people living in a certain community have not been clearly identified, especially among the highly vulnerable population. Complications from T2DM tend to increase among people living with limited education and poor economic statuses 9. Moreover, undiagnosed T2DM patients will face a reduced quality of life 8. Undiagnosed T2DM could lead to severe complications in later years and increase medical expense 7. Among those with T2DM, only 35.6% have been diagnosed and treated properly, and the disease causes approximately 200 deaths per day 7. In 2019, Thailand was estimated to have 4.8 million adults (45.8 million people aged 25 years and over) living with T2DM, and this figure is projected to increase to 5.3 million by 2039 6. Due to its complex pathogeneses, T2DM is recognized as one of the most significant threats to individual health and national health systems in both developed and developing countries, including Thailand, particularly among people aged 30 years and over 3, 4, 5. A large amount of money has been expended for its treatment and care globally 2. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been defined as a major noncommunicable disease (NCD), especially in the adult population with limited education and poor economic statuses 1. Appropriate public health interventions should be developed and implemented to reduce T2DM by providing regular preventive healthcare, educating patients on DM prevention and control, and encouraging regular exercise and reduced consumption of fatty food. ![]() Those with low HDL-C levels were 1.65 (95% CI 1.16–2.34) times more likely to be suffering from T2DM than those with normal HDL-C. Those with high triglyceride levels were 2.80 (95% CI 1.99–3.94) times more likely to be suffering from T2DM than those with a normal triglyceride level. After adjusting for age and sex, two factors were found to be associated with T2DM: triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The overall prevalence of undiagnosed T2DM was 7.5%. ![]() A total of 2365 people were invited to participate in the study 65.9% were female, 72.4% were aged 40–69 years, 0.9% regularly received preventive healthcare, and only 41.2% understood Thai. Data were collected from the target hill tribe people living in the 30 selected villages in Chiang Rai Province in northern Thailand. A community-based cross-sectional study was performed to estimate the prevalence of and determine factors associated with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2DM) among hill tribe adults aged 30 years and over. ![]()
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